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Sufi Biography:
Yusof ibn al-Hosain
Abu Ya’qub
Yusof ibn al-Hosain al-Razi travelled extensively from his native Rayy,
visiting Arabia and Egypt where he met and studied under Dho‘l-Nun al-Mesri.
He returned to preach in Rayy, dying there in 304 (9I6).
The conversion of
Yusof ibn al-Hosain-e Razi
The spiritual career of
Yusof ibn al-Hosain-e Razi began in the following circumstances. He was
travelling in Arabia with a company of his fellows when he
arrived in the territory of a certain tribe. When the
daughter of the Prince of the Arabs caught sight of him,
she fell madly in love with him, for he was possessed of great beauty.
Waiting her opportunity, the girl suddenly flung herself before him. Trembling, he left her and
departed to a more distant tribe.
That night he was sleeping with his head on his
knees, when he dreamed he was in a place the like of
which he had never seen. One was seated on a throne
there in kingly wise, surrounded by a company clad in
green robes. Wishful to know who they might be,
Yusof edged his way towards them. They made way for
him, treating him with much respect.
“Who are you?” he enquired “We are angels,” they replied, “and he who is
seated in the throne there is Joseph, upon whom be peace. He as come to pay
a visit to Yusof ibn al-Hosain.”
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Let Yusof tell the rest of the story in his own words. Overcome with
weeping, I cried, “Who am I, that
God’s prophet should come to visit me?” Thereupon Joseph, upon him be peace,
descended from his throne, took me in his embrace, and seated me in the
throne.
“Prophet of God,” I cried, “who am I that you hould be so gracious to me?” |
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“In the hour,” Joseph answered, “when that lovely irl flung herself before
you, and you committed yourself to God and sought His protection, God
displayed you to me and the angels. God said, ‘See, Joseph! You're that Joseph who
inclined after Zoleikha only to repel her. He is that Joseph who did not incline after he daughter of the
King of the Arabs, and fled.’ God
Himself sent me with these angels to visit you. He sends you the good
tidings that you are of God’s elect.”
Then Joseph added, “In every age there is a portent. The portent in this age is Dho ‘l-Nun-e Mesri. He has
een vouchsafed the Greatest Name of God. Go unto him.”
When Yusof awoke (the narrative continues) he was with a great ache. A powerful yearning
overmastered him, and he turned his face towards Egypt, desirous to know the
Great Name of God. Arriving at
the mosque of Dho ‘l-Nun, he spoke the greeting and
sat down. Dho ‘l-Nun returned his greeting. For a
whole year Yusof sat in a remote corner of the mosque,
not daring to question Dho ‘l-Nun.
After a year Dho ‘l-Nun asked, “Whence is this
young man come?”
“From Rayy,” he replied.
For another year Dho ‘l-Nun said nothing, and
Yusof continued to occupy the same corner.
At the end of the second year Dho ‘l-Nun asked,
“On what errand has this young man come?”
“To visit you,” he replied.
For another year Dho ‘l-Nun was silent. Then he
asked, “Does he require anything?”
“I have come that you may teach me the Greatest
Name,” Yusof replied.
For a further year Dho ‘l-Nun held his peace. Then
he handed Yusof a wooden vessel covered over.
“Cross the River Nile,” he told him. “In a certain
place there is an elder. Give this bowl to him, and
remember whatever he tells you.”
Yusof took the bowl and set forth. When he had
gone a part of the way, a temptation assailed him.
“What is this moving about in this bowl?”
He uncovered the bowl. A mouse jumped out and
ran away. Yusof was filled with bewilderment.
“Where am I to go? Shall
I go to this elder, or return
to Dho ‘l-Nun?”
Finally he proceeded to the elder, carrying the empty
bowl. When the elder beheld him, he smiled.
“You asked him for God’s Great Name?” he asked.
“Yes!” Yusof replied.
“Dho ‘l-Nun saw your impatience, and gave you a
mouse,” the elder said. “Glory be to God! You cannot
look after a mouse. How then will you keep the
Greatest Name?”
Put to shame, Yusof returned to the mosque of Dho
‘l-Nun.
“Yesterday I asked leave of God seven times to teach
you the Greatest Name,” Dho ‘l-Nun told him. “God
did not give permission, meaning that the time is not
yet. Then God commanded me, ‘Make trial of him
with a mouse.’ When I made trial of you, this is what
happened. Now return to your own city, till the proper time comes.”
“Before I leave, give me a testament,” Yusof
begged.
“I will give you three testaments,” said Dho ‘l-Nun,
“one great, one middling, and one small. The great testament is this, that you forget all that you have read,
and wash away all that you have written, so that the
veil may be lifted.”
“This I cannot do,” said
Yusof.
“The middling testament is this, that you forget me
and tell my name to no man,” said Dho ‘l-Nun.
“To
say that my monitor declared this or my shaikh
ordered that is all self-praise.”
“This too I cannot do,” said Yusof.
“The small testament is this,” said Dho ‘l-Nun, “that
you counsel men and call them to God.”
“This I can do, God willing,” said Yusof.
“On condition, however,” Dho ‘l-Nun added, “that
in counselling men you do not have men in sight.”
“So I will do,” Yusof promised.
Then he proceeded to Rayy. Now he came from the
nobility of Rayy, and the citizens came out to welcome
him. When he began his preaching, he expounded the
mystic realities. The people, accustomed to exoteric
doctrine, rose up in anger against him, for in that time
only formal learning was current. Yusof fell into disre-
pute, to such an extent that no one came to his lectures.
One day he turned up to preach as usual, but seeing
no one in the hall he was about to return home. At that
moment an old woman called to him.
“Did you not promise Dho ‘l-Nun that in counselling men you would not have them in sight, and
would speak only for God’s sake?”
Astonished at her words,
Yusof began to preach.
Thereafter he continued so for fifty years, whether any-
one was present or no.
Yusof ibn al-Hosain and
Ebrahim-e Khauwas
Ebrahim-e Khauwas became a disciple of Yusof ibn al-Hosain. Through the blessing of his companionship he
attained to such remarkable spiritual advancement that
he would travel through the desert without provision
and mount. It is to him that we owe the following
story.
One night (Ebrahim said) I heard a voice which said
to me, “Go and say to Yusof-e Hosain, ‘You are of the
rejected’.” So grievous were these words for me to hear,
that if a mountain had been flung on my head that
would have been easier to bear than that I should
repeat what I had heard to him.
Next night I heard in even more menacing tones,
“Say to him, ‘You are of the rejected’.” Rising up, I
washed and begged God’s forgiveness, and sat in meditation till the third night, when the same voice came to
me. “Say to him, ‘You are of the rejected’. If you do not
deliver this message, you will receive such a blow that
you will not rise again.”
So full of sorrow I rose up and went to the mosque,
where I saw Yusof seated in the prayer-niche.
“Do you remember any
verse?” he asked me when
he saw me.
“I do,” I replied. I recollected a verse in Arabic
which I recited to him. Delighted, he rose up and
remained on his feet for a long while, tears as if flecked
with blood streaming from his eyes. Then he turned to
me.
“Since first light till now,” he said, “they have been
reciting the Koran before me, and not one drop came
to my eyes. Now through that single verse you spoke
such a state has manifested —a veritable torrent has
flowed from my eyes. Men are right when they say I am
a heretic. The voice of the Divine Presence speaks truly,
that I am of the rejected. A man who is so affected by
a verse of poetry, while the Koran makes no impression
whatever upon him—he is surely rejected.”
I was bewildered by what I saw and heard. My belief
in him was shaken. Afraid, I rose up and set my face
towards the desert. By chance I fell in with Khezr, who
addressed me.
“Yusof-e Hosain has received a blow from God. But
his place is in the topmost heights of Heaven. A man
must stride so far and manfully upon the path of God,
that even if the hand of rejection is struck against his
forehead, yet his place is in the topmost heights of
Heaven. If he falls on this path from kingship, yet he
will not fall from the rank of minister.”
Yusof ibn al-Hosain and
the handmaiden
A certain merchant in Nishapur bought a Turkish
handmaiden for a thousand dinars. He had a creditor
living in another town, and wanted to go in haste and
recover his money from him. In Nishapur there was no
one in whom he trusted sufficiently to commit the girl
to his keeping. So he called on Abu ‘Othman-e Hiri and
explained his predicament to him.
At first Abu
‘Othman refused, but the merchant implored him
earnestly.
“Admit her into your harem. I will return as soon as
possible.”
So finally he consented, and the merchant departed.
Involuntarily Abu ‘Othman’s glance fell upon the girl and he fell
uncontrollably in love with her. Not knowing what to do, he rose up and went to consult his
teacher Abu Hafs-e Haddad.
“You must go to Rayy, to consult Yusof ibn al-Hosain,” Abu Hafs told him.
Abu ‘Othman set out at once towards Iraq. When he
reached Rayy he enquired where Yusof-e Hosain was
living.
“What have you to do with that damned heretic?”
they asked him. “You look a religious man yourself.
His society will be bad for you.”
They said many such things to him, so that Abu
‘Othman regretted having come there and returned to
Nishapur.
“Did you see Yusof-e
Hosain?” Abu Hafs asked him.
“No,” he replied.
“Why not?”
“I heard that he was such and such a man,” Abu
‘Othman related what the people of Rayy had told
him. “So I did not go to him, but returned.”
“Go back and see him,” Abu Hafs urged.
Abu ‘Othman returned to Rayy and again asked for
Yusof’s house. The people of Rayy told him a hundred
times as much as before.
“But I have important business with him,” he
explained.
So at last they indicated the way to him. When he
reached Yusof’s house, he saw an old man seated there.
A beardless and handsome boy was before him, laying
before him a bowl and a goblet. Light streamed from his
face. Abu ‘Othman entered and spoke the greeting and
sat down. Shaikh Yusof began to speak, and uttered
such lofty words that Abu ‘Othman was amazed.
“For God’s sake, master,” he cried, “with such
words and such contemplating, what is this state that
is on you? Wine, and a beardless boy?”
“This beardless boy is my son, and very few people
know that he is my son,” Yusof replied. “I am teaching
him the Koran. A bowl happened to be thrown into
this dustbin. I picked it out and washed it and filled it
with water, so that anyone who wished for water might
drink, for I had no pitcher.”
“For God’s sake,” Abu
‘Othman repeated, “why do
you act so that men say of you what they say?”
“I do it for this reason,” Yusof answered, “so that no
one may send a Turkish handmaiden to my house as a
confidant.”
When Abu ‘Othman heard these words he fell down
at the shaikh’s feet. He realized that the man had
attained a high degree.
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